Dr. Phillip Smith shares research on zander, a species illegally introduced to UK waterways, discussing its impact on canal fishing, ecosystems, and native species.
Canals and canal fishing are part of our heritage. Fishing on canals is important to anglers because it's easily accessible, there's fish to be caught and it doesn't cost too much!
When anglers think that their canal fishing is under threat they are quick to act. A decrease in fishing catches means that angling clubs do not rent sections of canal for their members.
Threats to canal fisheries
Threats come in all shapes and sizes. One of the less obvious, and perhaps more controversial, has been the illegal introduction of the zander.
This predatory fish was first introduced and was breeding in some canals by the late 1970s. At the same time, there was a perceived decline in catches of other species. There was a significant reduction in angling clubs renting fishing rights on canals with zander. Less income from angling clubs meant a reduction in money to maintain the waterways and fish stocks.
From a fisheries management perspective, it was important to understand if Zander caused the decline of fishing quality or if it was blameless and the decline was due to other factors.
The numbers of boats using a canal was the main factor in determining the numbers and types of fish present
Canals with low boat traffic tend to have clear water, lots of water plants and a fish community of roach, perch, bream, tench, rudd and pike
Canals with high volumes of boat traffic tend to have murky water, have few water plants and have a fish community of mainly roach and gudgeon with numbers of perch, bream, ruffe and other fish species.
Zander impacts
Once introduced zander can establish relatively large populations in those canals that have a high level of boat traffic.
In these environments, zander's diet is mainly smaller roach but it appears that they actively choose to eat gudgeon.
The effect is that gudgeon can be almost wiped out and roach numbers, especially those less than 100mm long, can be severely reduced.
There is no doubt that the zander is at an advantage in these murky waters because it has a specially-adapted eye to see in low light levels.
From a fisheries management perspective the research supported the suggestion that the introduction of Zander causes a decline in fishery value for those canals with a high level of boat traffic. This can partly be explained by the observation that 75% of those fish caught by anglers fishing canals were less than 100mm and this is the size range of fish that are impacted by zander.
Managing zander populations
Dr Smith found that electrofishing had to be very intensive and has to be repeated over a number of years before it would have a significant effect. With recent advances in the effectiveness of boom boat electrofishing equipment, coupled with the use of a back boat, twice per year could now be sufficient.
Both the Canal & River Trust and the clubs that rent fishing rights on the middle Grand Union Canal are anxious to avoid further southerly spread. The rate of natural colonisation of the canal system by zander could be significantly slowed down by electrofishing those sections that contain zander at the edge of their range.
What anglers can do to help
Zander are currently classified by DEFRA as a non-native invasive species. As the law stands any zander or any other non-native fish caught, whether in fish rescues by the Trust or by anglers must not be returned to the canal network.
